E-Commerce Transactions in the Digital Era: A Fiqh Muamalah Analysis of COD Payment Methods, Pay Later Schemes, and Coin Rewards

Abstract

Digital transformation in e-commerce has introduced payment models such as Cash on Delivery (COD), Pay Later schemes, and coin-based rewards. While offering convenience, these features raise legal concerns from the perspective of fiqh muamalah, particularly regarding riba, gharar, full ownership (milk al-tamm), and mutual consent (ridha). COD is considered permissible when the contract is clear and risk is fairly distributed. Pay Later schemes are valid only if structured as bai’ muajjal without added late fees, as such charges are deemed riba. Coin rewards like Shopee Coins and GoPay Coins are acceptable when used as discounts, free from gambling elements and forced expiration. Syariah compliance in digital transactions depends on transparency, fairness, and user autonomy, aligning with the ethical objectives of maqashid al-syariah.